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Guava IO

日常系統(tǒng)交互中，文件的上傳下載都是常見的，一般我們會(huì)通過jdk提供的IO操作庫幫助我們實(shí)現(xiàn)。IO指的是數(shù)據(jù)相對當(dāng)前操作程序的入與出，將數(shù)據(jù)通過輸出流從程序輸出，或者通過輸入流將數(shù)據(jù)（從文件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、數(shù)據(jù)等）寫入到程序，這里的IO指的是基于流作為載體進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。如果把數(shù)據(jù)比作合理的水，河就是IO流，也是數(shù)據(jù)的載體。

Java為我們提供了非常多的操作IO的接口與類，幫助開發(fā)者實(shí)現(xiàn)不同源間的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，比如硬盤文件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸、應(yīng)用調(diào)用間的數(shù)據(jù)交互與傳遞。今天我們來簡單了解下Java中的流以及在Guava工具包中，針對IO操作做了什么樣的封裝與設(shè)計(jì)。

常用的流

操作文件的
java.io.FileinputStream/FileOutputStream java.io.FileReader/FileWriter
通用的字節(jié)流
java.io.InputStreamReader/outputStreamWriter
緩沖流
java.io.BufferedReader/BufferedWriter java.io.BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream
數(shù)據(jù)流
java.io.DataInpoutStream/DataOutputStream
功能型的
java.io.PrintWriter/PrintStream
對象序列化相關(guān)的
java.io.ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream

可見，提供的IO對象基本都是成對出現(xiàn)的，用以完成數(shù)據(jù)的輸入輸出，實(shí)現(xiàn)程序與外部載體間的數(shù)據(jù)交換

示例

下面我們通過一些常用示例來看看IO的使用的場景與使用方法：

文件復(fù)制
文件的合并
讀取文件內(nèi)容為字符串
字節(jié)數(shù)組轉(zhuǎn)換成流
對象序列化與反序列化
流的轉(zhuǎn)換
......

文件復(fù)制

@Test
    public void copyByBytes() throws IOException {
        String root = FileTests.class.getResource("/").getPath();

        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File(root,"/start.bat"));
        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(root+"/out2.bat");

        byte[] buff = new byte[100];

        int b;
        while ( (b = fis.read(buff))!=-1 ){
            fos.write(buff, 0, b);
        }
        // close
    }

文件合并

@Test
    public void mergeFiles() throws IOException {
        File file1 = new File("E:_projectssuclsblogmy_studyguavaguava-iosrctestjavacomsuclsblogguavaiocategoryFileTests.java");
        File file2 = new File("E:_projectssuclsblogmy_studyguavaguava-iosrctestjavacomsuclsblogguavaiocategoryStreamTests.java");

        Enumeration< InputStream > ins = Collections.enumeration(Arrays.asList(
                new FileInputStream(file1),
                new FileInputStream(file2)
        ));

        SequenceInputStream sequenceInputStream = new SequenceInputStream(ins);

        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(root+"/out4");

        byte[] buff = new byte[100];

        int read; // 真實(shí)讀取到的字節(jié)數(shù)
        while ( (read = sequenceInputStream.read(buff)) !=-1){
            fos.write(buff, 0, read);
        }

        fos.close();
    }

讀取文件內(nèi)容為字符串

@Test
    public void readStringFromFile() throws IOException {
        FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(new File(this.getClass().getResource("/").getPath(),"/start.bat"));

        StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();

        int i;
        while ( (i = fileReader.read())!=-1 ){
            stringBuilder.append( (char)i ); // 按字符讀取
        }

        System.out.println( stringBuilder ); // 文件內(nèi)容
    }

字節(jié)數(shù)組轉(zhuǎn)換成流

@Test
    public void bytesToStream(){
        byte [] data = new byte[1024]; // 來源于其他數(shù)據(jù)源

        ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(data);

        ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

        int v;
        while ( (v=inputStream.read())!=-1 ){
            outputStream.write(v);
        }

        System.out.println( Arrays.toString( outputStream.toByteArray() ));
    }

對象序列化與反序列化

@Test
    public void objectToFile() throws IOException {

        Person person = new Person();
        person.setName("張三").setAge(25);

        String root = FileTests.class.getResource("/").getPath();

        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File(root,"/person"));
        ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);

        oos.writeObject(person);
    }

    @Test
    public void fileToObject() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        String root = FileTests.class.getResource("/").getPath();

        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File(root,"/person"));
        ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);

        Person person = (Person) ois.readObject();
        System.out.println( person );
    }

流的轉(zhuǎn)換將字節(jié)流轉(zhuǎn)換成字符流來操作，同樣以文件復(fù)制為例

@Test
    public void copyByBuffer() throws IOException {
        String root = FileTests.class.getResource("/").getPath();

        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File(root,"/start.bat"));
        InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(fis);
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);

        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(root+"/out3.bat");
        OutputStreamWriter osw = new OutputStreamWriter(fos);
        BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(osw);

        String line;
        while ( (line = br.readLine())!=null ){
            bw.append(line);
            bw.newLine();
            bw.flush();
        }

        // close
    }

關(guān)于流的操作非常多，像包括網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信中、音視頻文件處理、流合并等等

Guava中的IO

關(guān)于IO的內(nèi)容并不復(fù)雜，上面的那些例子在很多工具庫中基本都會(huì)提供對應(yīng)的API方便開發(fā)者調(diào)用，今天主要看下Guava IO模塊針對流的操作提供了什么樣的封裝

Files
提供對文件快捷讀寫方法其中主要提供了ByteSource、ByteSink、CharSource、CharSink 4個(gè)類，分別對應(yīng)按字節(jié)的讀寫與按字符的讀寫，

/**
     * 文件復(fù)制
     */
    @Test
    public void copy() throws IOException {
        File from = new File(root,"from");
        File to = new File(root,"to");
        Files.copy(from,to);
    }

    /**
     * 文件移動(dòng)
     */
    @Test
    public void move() throws IOException {
        File from = new File(root,"from");
        File to = new File(root,"to");
        Files.move(from,to);
    }

    /**
     * 按行讀取文件
     * @throws IOException
     */
    @Test
    public void readLines() throws IOException {
        File dest = new File(root,"start.bat");
        List< String > lines = Files.readLines(dest, Charset.defaultCharset());
        lines.forEach(System.out::println);
    }

    /**
     * 寫入文件
     * @throws IOException
     */
    @Test
    public void writeToFile() throws IOException {
        File dest = new File(root,"demo.txt");
        Files.write("hello world!".getBytes(Charset.defaultCharset()), dest);
    }

    /**
     * 修改文件更新時(shí)間
     * @throws IOException
     */
    @Test
    public void touch() throws IOException {
        File dest = new File(root,"demo.txt");
        Files.touch(dest);
    }

    /**
     * 文件的零拷貝
     * @throws IOException
     */
    @Test
    public void map() throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
        File from = new File(root,"from");
        File to = new File(root,"to");
        Files.touch(to);
        
        MappedByteBuffer fromBuff = Files.map(from, MapMode.READ_ONLY, 1024);
        // = >
        FileChannel channel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(to.toURI()), StandardOpenOption.WRITE);

        channel.write(fromBuff);

        channel.close();
    }

    /**
     * 讀文件為字節(jié)數(shù)組
     * @throws IOException
     */
    @Test
    public void fileAndBytes() throws IOException {
        File dest = new File(root,"start.bat");
        ByteSource byteSource = Files.asByteSource(dest);
        byte[] bytes = byteSource.read();
        System.out.println( bytes );

        // 字節(jié)寫入文件，實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)制
        File target = new File(root, "start2.bat");
        ByteSink byteSink = Files.asByteSink(target);
        byteSink.write(bytes);
    }

    @Test
    public void wrapper(){
        File dest = new File(root,"start.bat");
        // 作為字節(jié)讀
        Files.asByteSource(dest);
        // 作為字節(jié)寫
        Files.asByteSink(dest);

        // 作為字符讀
        Files.asCharSource(dest, Charset.defaultCharset());
        // 作為字符寫
        Files.asCharSink(dest, Charset.defaultCharset());
    }

其他

管道流
PipedOutputStream PipedInputStream 實(shí)現(xiàn)多線程間的數(shù)據(jù)通信；類似生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)者模式

@Test
    public void pipe() throws IOException {
        PipedOutputStream pipedOutputStream = new PipedOutputStream();
        PipedInputStream pipedInputStream = new PipedInputStream();
        pipedOutputStream.connect(pipedInputStream);

        new Thread(()- >{
            while (true){
                String date = new Date().toString();
                try {
                    pipedOutputStream.write( date.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8) );
                    pipedOutputStream.flush();
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
            }
        }).start();
        
        new Thread(()- >{
            while (true){
                byte [] buff = new byte[1024];
                try {
                    int read = pipedInputStream.read(buff);
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(4);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
                System.out.println( new String(buff) );
            }
        }).start();
    }

結(jié)束語

在任何編程語言中，數(shù)據(jù)的IO都是比較常見并相當(dāng)重要的。Guava作為工具型類庫，主要是幫助開發(fā)者封裝常用、重復(fù)的操作，開放出簡介的API，不僅能讓讓代碼更加整潔，同時(shí)對開發(fā)出穩(wěn)健程序也是比不可少的。

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