【節(jié)能學(xué)院】ASJ系列剩余電流繼電器在施工現(xiàn)場用電設(shè)備安裝中的應(yīng)用

保護(hù)漏電設(shè)備的作用主要就是避免直接或者是間接的接觸到通電設(shè)備，這也是安全通電的必要舉措。就建筑工地用電的基本要求來說，探討了施工地的保護(hù)漏電設(shè)備在投入使用中面臨的問題，同時(shí)進(jìn)行提升，這樣能夠有效地減少事故的出現(xiàn)，也是保障施工中用電通暢的必然要求。

The main function of protecting leakage equipment is to avoid direct or indirect contact with energized equipment, which is also a necessary measure for safe energization. As far as the basic requirements for electricity use on construction sites are concerned, the problems faced by the leakage protection equipment of the construction site when put into use are discussed, and improvements are made at the same time. This can effectively reduce the occurrence of accidents and is also an inevitable requirement for ensuring the smooth use of electricity during construction.

關(guān)鍵詞：漏電保護(hù)；建筑工地；電氣安全

Keywords:Leakage protection; Construction site; Electrical safety

00

概述

施工地是使用強(qiáng)制性的裝置保護(hù)漏電設(shè)備，目的就是確保施工地供電安全。在正常的施工中，由于施工現(xiàn)場特殊，經(jīng)常會(huì)使漏電保護(hù)裝置跳閘，在阻礙施工進(jìn)程的同時(shí)還危害了施工現(xiàn)場的安全。將施工地的實(shí)際情況和用電情況相結(jié)合，概括出在施工地保護(hù)漏電設(shè)備時(shí)常跳閘的現(xiàn)象，并且給予了保護(hù)漏電設(shè)備的日常保護(hù)措施。

The construction site is to use compulsory devices to protect the leakage equipment, the purpose is to ensure the safety of power supply at the construction site. In normal construction, due to the special construction site, the leakage protection device is often tripped, which not only hinders the construction process, but also endangers the safety of the construction site. Combining the actual situation of the construction site with the electricity usage, the phenomenon of frequent tripping of the leakage protection equipment at the construction site is summarized, and daily protective measures to protect the leakage equipment are given.

保護(hù)漏電設(shè)備的主要作用就是通電設(shè)備在出現(xiàn)漏電的情況或者是在人體觸電的時(shí)候出現(xiàn)致命危險(xiǎn)的過程進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的保護(hù)，其設(shè)備主要由開關(guān)、實(shí)驗(yàn)按鍵、脫口裝置，脫口整體結(jié)構(gòu)、剩余電流互感器等幾個(gè)部件組成。進(jìn)行保護(hù)設(shè)施在接地的故障電流是介于保護(hù)漏電設(shè)備漏電的脫口設(shè)備上，并且超出預(yù)定數(shù)值時(shí)，主開關(guān)會(huì)自動(dòng)跳閘，出現(xiàn)故障的電流被切斷，在一定程度上起到了保護(hù)的作用。

The main function of the protection of leakage equipment is to protect the energized equipment in the process of leakage or fatal danger when the human body gets an electric shock. The equipment is mainly composed of switches, experimental buttons, and disconnect devices, the overall structure of the disconnect, and residual current mutual inductance. It is composed of several parts such as a device. The grounding fault current of the protective equipment is between the leaking equipment that protects the leakage equipment, and when it exceeds the predetermined value, the main switch will automatically trip, and the fault current is cut off, which plays a protective role to a certain extent.

在施工現(xiàn)場，通常來說用電標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都達(dá)不到要求，所投入使用的設(shè)施與線路存在很多的安全問題，主要特點(diǎn)就是由較強(qiáng)流動(dòng)性、多次重復(fù)性、臨時(shí)性。

At the construction site, generally speaking, the electricity standards are not up to the requirements, and the facilities and lines put into use have many safety problems. The main characteristics are strong fluidity, multiple repetitions, and temporary nature.

01

施工現(xiàn)場漏電保護(hù)器誤動(dòng)作的原因

1）外界干擾External interference

a) 雷擊時(shí)正逆交變過程引起的過電壓，通過架空線路、絕緣電線、電纜和電氣涉筆的對(duì)地電容，產(chǎn)生對(duì)地泄漏電流，使剩余電流保護(hù)器發(fā)生誤動(dòng)作，甚至直接損壞。過高時(shí)將造成保護(hù)器電源和內(nèi)部電路的損害，帶有失壓脫扣器的自動(dòng)開關(guān)脫扣線圈燒壞；過低時(shí)會(huì)引起失壓脫扣線圈開關(guān)跳閘，合閘控制回路不能啟動(dòng)、帶有機(jī)械閉鎖裝置的電磁開關(guān)因吸跳功率不足，使脫扣速度緩慢或拒動(dòng)。

a) The overvoltage caused by the positive and negative alternating process during lightning strikes, through overhead lines, insulated wires, cables and the ground capacitance of the electrical pen, generates ground leakage current, causing the residual current protector to malfunction or even directly damage. If it is too high, it will cause damage to the protector power supply and internal circuit, and the automatic switch trip coil with the loss-of-voltage release will burn out; The electromagnetic switch with mechanical locking device has insufficient power to absorb and jump, which makes the tripping speed slow or refuses to move.

b) 鋪設(shè)的各種線路與投入使用的用電設(shè)備在施工地進(jìn)行照明的過程中出現(xiàn)了線路的亂搭亂建的情況，造成了線路的提前老化、線路與通電設(shè)施的絕緣電阻降低、電流泄漏甚至是出現(xiàn)接地的情況，造成了漏電保護(hù)設(shè)備多次出現(xiàn)狀況影響正常的使用。因?yàn)?a href="http://ttokpm.com/dianlutu/dianyuandianlu/201802036291" target="_blank">漏電開關(guān)的輸出終端的線路的絕緣電阻降低與接地線接零線的保護(hù)，在進(jìn)行漏電保護(hù)裝置安裝過程中，電源的中性點(diǎn)沒有接地。在出現(xiàn)觸電情況的過程中降低了靈敏程度和拒動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象。

b) In the process of lighting the construction site, the various lines laid and the electrical equipment put into use have been randomly built and constructed, which has caused the premature aging of the line, the reduction of the insulation resistance of the line and the energized facilities, and the current Leakage or even grounding has caused the leakage protection equipment to appear repeatedly and affect normal use. Because the insulation resistance of the line of the output terminal of the leakage switch is reduced and the grounding line is connected to the neutral line, the neutral point of the power supply is not grounded during the installation of the leakage protection device. In the process of electric shock, the sensitivity and refusal to move are reduced.

C)環(huán)境變化干擾，這里最主要的使指環(huán)境條件，例如夏季溫度升高，雨季溫潤潮濕；或者是漏電保護(hù)裝置周圍安裝了帶有強(qiáng)烈振幅的電氣設(shè)施；或者是在運(yùn)行的過程中 長期受有害氣體的不斷腐蝕與侵蝕；使得漏電保護(hù)設(shè)施的電子組件的電磁圈與組成結(jié)構(gòu)等的絕緣程度下降、出現(xiàn)霉斷與銹蝕的情況，最終使得漏電保護(hù)設(shè)施出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤舉動(dòng)或者是拒動(dòng)。

c)Environmental change interference. The most important factor here refers to environmental conditions, such as increased temperature in summer and warm and humid rainy season; or electrical facilities with strong amplitude installed around the leakage protection device; or long-term exposure during operation. The continuous corrosion and erosion of harmful gases; the insulation degree of the electromagnetic coil and composition structure of the electronic components of the leakage protection facility is reduced, mold breakage and rust appear, and eventually the leakage protection facility may act incorrectly or refuse to act.

2）漏電保護(hù)器接線錯(cuò)誤

漏電保護(hù)器安裝時(shí)，往往因接線錯(cuò)誤或安裝方式與線路結(jié)構(gòu)不適應(yīng)因發(fā)誤動(dòng)作、拒動(dòng)或達(dá)不到最佳效果。中性線穿過漏電保護(hù)器后，同其他漏電保護(hù)器的中性線或與其他沒有裝設(shè)漏電保護(hù)器的中性線連在一起；中性線斷線或接觸不良，致使中點(diǎn)電位偏移零電位；這些增加了中性線漏電和引發(fā)其他故障的幾率。

The wiring of the leakage protector is wrong

When the leakage protector is installed, it is often caused by incorrect wiring or unsuitability of the installation method and circuit structure due to misoperation, refusal to move, or failure to achieve the best effect. After the neutral line passes through the leakage protector, it is connected with the neutral line of other leakage protectors or with other neutral lines that are not equipped with leakage protectors; the neutral line is broken or poorly connected, causing the neutral point to be biased. Shift the zero potential; these increase the probability of neutral line leakage and other failures.

3）漏電保護(hù)器選型不合理

通過額定漏電的流經(jīng)電流大于30mA或者大于通電設(shè)備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電流2倍的保護(hù)漏電設(shè)備，或者是挑選有延時(shí)效果的保護(hù)漏電設(shè)備，因?yàn)轭~定漏電的流經(jīng)電流不斷提高或者是靈敏程度的降低，使得漏電事故在發(fā)生的同時(shí)，末端的漏電保護(hù)設(shè)備沒有運(yùn)行，上級(jí)的保護(hù)漏電設(shè)備就會(huì)開始動(dòng)作。

The selection of the leakage protector is unreasonable

Protect leakage devices with a rated leakage current greater than 30mA or more than twice the standard current of the energized device, or choose a protective leakage device with a delay effect, because the rated leakage current continues to increase or the sensitivity is reduced, When the leakage accident occurs, the leakage protection equipment at the end is not operating, and the higher-level leakage protection equipment will start to operate.

4）漏電保護(hù)器本身的問題。The problem of the leakage protector itself.

a）固有的局限性

目前的漏電保護(hù)器，不論是電磁型還是電子型均采用磁感應(yīng)互感器拾取用電設(shè)備主回路中的漏電流，三相或者三相四線在磁環(huán)中不可能布置完全均衡，在施工現(xiàn)場有較多的電焊機(jī)等雙相或者單相負(fù)荷，三相電流也不可能完全平衡，甚至?xí)嗖詈艽?，這個(gè)電動(dòng)勢大到一定程度就會(huì)導(dǎo)致漏電保護(hù)器跳閘。

a) Inherent limitations.

The current leakage protectors, whether electromagnetic or electronic, use magnetic induction transformers to pick up the leakage current in the main circuit of electrical equipment. It is impossible to arrange three-phase or three-phase four-wire in the magnetic ring to be completely balanced. For more two-phase or single-phase loads such as electric welding machines, the three-phase currents cannot be completely balanced, and they may even differ greatly. If the electromotive force is too large to a certain extent, it will cause the leakage protector to trip.

b) 質(zhì)量差、參數(shù)配置不當(dāng)

施工現(xiàn)場并沒有根據(jù)相關(guān)的施工規(guī)范要求以及施工計(jì)劃方案來進(jìn)行漏電保護(hù)設(shè)備的購入，并且因?yàn)橘徣氲穆╇姳Ｗo(hù)器自身的質(zhì)量低下，內(nèi)部的實(shí)際情況與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的參數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不相符，剛投入使用的新產(chǎn)品就出現(xiàn)了誤動(dòng)作的情況。

b) Poor quality and improper parameter configuration

The construction site did not purchase leakage protection equipment in accordance with the relevant construction specifications and construction plans, and because the quality of the purchased leakage protector itself was low, the actual internal situation did not match the standard parameter standards, just put it into operation The new product used has malfunctioned.

02

施工現(xiàn)場科學(xué)使用漏電保護(hù)器的方法

在提升施工安全的管理問題的同時(shí)還必須加強(qiáng)對(duì)施工電工人員的知識(shí)培訓(xùn)，所采取的預(yù)防方式必須結(jié)合實(shí)際情況與施工技術(shù)來指定。

While improving the management of construction safety, it is also necessary to strengthen the knowledge training of construction electricians, and the prevention methods adopted must be specified in accordance with the actual situation and construction technology.

1）避免外界干擾。避免雷電過電壓干擾引起誤動(dòng)作的措施除在架空線路上安裝避雷器或擊穿間隙，及在總配電箱處安裝150mA，0.2s的延時(shí)型漏電斷路器外，為了防止中性點(diǎn)位移過電壓損壞或降低漏電斷路器的靈敏度，還應(yīng)調(diào)整負(fù)載，使之盡可能均勻地分布在三相線上，調(diào)換分支線相序，減小三相絕緣電阻不平衡電流，交換中性線，使導(dǎo)線截面積不小于各相線的導(dǎo)線截面。

1) Avoid external interference.The measures to avoid malfunction caused by lightning overvoltage interference include installing lightning arresters or breakdown gaps on overhead lines, and installing 150mA, 0.2s delay type leakage circuit breakers at the main distribution box, in order to prevent excessive neutral point displacement If the voltage is damaged or the sensitivity of the leakage circuit breaker is reduced, the load should be adjusted to distribute it on the three-phase line as evenly as possible. The cross-sectional area of the conductor shall not be less than the cross-section of the conductor of each phase line.

2）正確選配安裝接線 Select and install wiring correctly

a)選配必須與線路相適應(yīng)

漏電開關(guān)的額定電壓、額定電流、分?jǐn)嗄芰Φ刃阅苤笜?biāo)應(yīng)與線路條件相適應(yīng)。電源干線保護(hù)用漏電保護(hù)器和終端設(shè)備用漏電保護(hù)器的耐受電壓有所不同。電源干線和終端發(fā)生金屬性接地故障時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的故障電流可相差幾倍。

The selection must be compatible with the line.

The performance indicators such as the rated voltage, rated current, and breaking capacity of the leakage switch should be compatible with the line conditions. The withstand voltage of the leakage protector for mains protection and the leakage protector for terminal equipment is different. When a metallic ground fault occurs in the mains of the power supply and the terminal, the fault current generated can be several times different.

b)實(shí)行分級(jí)分區(qū)保護(hù)

把整個(gè)施工場地根據(jù)專業(yè)與不同的相鄰施工團(tuán)隊(duì)分布成不同的漏電保護(hù)設(shè)備區(qū)域，每一個(gè)保護(hù)區(qū)域之內(nèi)都必須有一套完整的二級(jí)漏電的保護(hù)設(shè)施，這樣在一定程度之內(nèi)能夠提升整個(gè)保護(hù)區(qū)域的靈敏程度，并且還能減少保護(hù)漏電設(shè)置出現(xiàn)跳閘情況的幾率，減少因故障出現(xiàn)停電的現(xiàn)象

b) Implement hierarchical partition protection

The entire construction site is distributed into different leakage protection equipment areas according to majors and different adjacent construction teams. Each protection area must have a complete set of secondary leakage protection facilities, which can improve the entire The sensitivity of the protection area can also reduce the probability of tripping of the protection leakage setting, and reduce the phenomenon of power outage due to faults

C) 嚴(yán)格區(qū)分中性線和保護(hù)線

漏電保護(hù)器標(biāo)有負(fù)荷側(cè)和電源側(cè)時(shí)，應(yīng)按規(guī)定安裝接線，不得反接。三級(jí)四線式或四極式漏電保護(hù)器的中性線應(yīng)接入漏電保護(hù)器，經(jīng)過漏電保護(hù)器的中性線不得作為保護(hù)線、不能重復(fù)接地或接設(shè)備外露可導(dǎo)電部分。負(fù)荷側(cè)的中性線不得與其他回路共用。

C)Strictly distinguish between neutral line and protection line

When the leakage protector is marked with the load side and the power side, the wiring should be installed according to the regulations, and no reverse connection is allowed. The neutral line of the three-level four-wire or four-pole leakage protector should be connected to the leakage protector. The neutral line passing through the leakage protector shall not be used as a protection line, and it cannot be repeatedly grounded or connected to the exposed conductive parts of the equipment. The neutral line on the load side must not be shared with other circuits

03

產(chǎn)品概述

常見的相與相間發(fā)生短路可以產(chǎn)生很大電流，可采用開關(guān)保護(hù)，而發(fā)生人體觸電、線路老化而導(dǎo)致的電流泄露產(chǎn)生的火災(zāi)以及設(shè)備的接地故障都是由于漏電流所造成，漏電流一般都在30mA-3A，這些值很小，傳統(tǒng)開關(guān)無法進(jìn)行保護(hù)，所以必須采用剩余電流動(dòng)作保護(hù)裝置。

The common phase-to-phase short circuit can generate a large current, which can be protected by a switch. However, the current leakage caused by human body electric shock and line aging and the ground fault of the equipment are caused by leakage current. The leakage current is generally At 30mA-3A, these values are so small that traditional switches cannot be protected, so a residual current-operated protection device must be used.

剩余電流繼電器是由剩余電流互感器來檢測剩余電流，并在規(guī)定條件下，當(dāng)剩余電流達(dá)到或超過給定值時(shí)，使電器的一個(gè)或多個(gè)電氣輸出電路中的觸點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生開閉動(dòng)作的開關(guān)電器。

The residual current relay is a residual current transformer to detect the residual current, and under specified conditions, when the residual current reaches or exceeds a given value, one or more electrical output circuit contacts in the electrical appliance will open and close. Switch electrical appliances.

下面介紹三種常見的漏電情況。

Here are three common leakage situations.

1、防直接接觸電擊必須采用I△n≤30mA的高靈敏度的RCD。

High-sensitivity RCD with I△n≤30mA must be used to prevent direct contact and electric shock.

2、防間接接觸電擊可采用I△n大于30mA的中靈敏度的RCD。

The medium sensitivity RCD with I△n greater than 30mA can be used to prevent indirect contact electric shock.

3、防火RCD需采用4極或2極RCD。

A 4-pole or 2-pole RCD shall be used for fireproof RCD.

對(duì)于IT系統(tǒng)，按規(guī)定采用剩余電流繼電器。為防止系統(tǒng)絕緣降低和作為二次故障后備保護(hù)，依據(jù)接線型式，采用類似 TT 或 TN 系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)措施。首先應(yīng)采用絕緣監(jiān)視裝置，預(yù)測一次故障。

For theIT systems, residual current relays are used as required. In order to prevent the insulation of the system from degrading and as a secondary fault backup protection, according to the wiring type, a protective measure similar to the TT or TN system is adopted. First, an insulation monitoring device should be used to predict a failure.

對(duì)于TT系統(tǒng)，推薦采用剩余電流繼電器。因?yàn)楫?dāng)發(fā)生單相接地故障時(shí)，故障電流很小，且較難估計(jì)，達(dá)不到開關(guān)的動(dòng)作電流，外殼上將出現(xiàn)危險(xiǎn)電壓。此時(shí)N線必須穿過剩余電流互感器。

For the TT system, a residual current relay is recommended. Because when a single-phase ground fault occurs, the fault current is very small and difficult to estimate. If the operating current of the switch is not reached, a dangerous voltage will appear on the housing. At this time, the N wire must pass through the residual current transformer.

對(duì)于TN-S系統(tǒng)，可采用剩余電流繼電器。更快速靈敏切斷故障，以提高安全可靠性，此時(shí) PE 線不得穿過互感器，N 線必須穿互感器，且不得重復(fù)接地。

For the TN-S system, a residual current relay can be used. Cut off the fault more quickly and sensitively to improve safety and reliability. At this time, the PE line must not pass through the transformer, and the N line must pass through the transformer, and it must not be grounded repeatedly.

對(duì)于TN-C系統(tǒng)，不能采用剩余電流繼電器。因?yàn)?PE 線和 N 線合一，若 PEN 線不重復(fù)接地，當(dāng)外殼帶電，互感器進(jìn)出電流相等，ASJ拒動(dòng)；若PEN線重復(fù)接地，部分單相電流將流入重復(fù)接地，達(dá)一定值后，ASJ 誤動(dòng)。需將TN-C系統(tǒng)改造成TN-C-S系統(tǒng)，同TN-S系統(tǒng)，再將剩余電流互感器接入TN-S系統(tǒng)中。

For the TN-C systems, residual current relays cannot be used. Because the PE wire and the N wire are integrated, if the PEN wire is not repeatedly grounded, when the shell is energized, the current in and out of the transformer is equal, and the ASJ refuses to move; if the PEN wire is repeatedly grounded, part of the single-phase current will flow into the repeated grounding. After reaching a certain value, ASJ malfunctioned. It is necessary to transform the TN-C system into a TN-C-S system, which is the same as the TN-S system, and then connect the residual current transformer to the TN-S system.

04

產(chǎn)品簡介

安科瑞電氣ASJ系列剩余電流繼電器能夠滿足上述幾種漏電情況的防護(hù)，與遙控跳閘開關(guān)聯(lián)用，及時(shí)切斷電源，防止間接接觸、限制漏電電流。也可以直接作為信號(hào)繼電器，監(jiān)控電力設(shè)備。特別適用于學(xué)校、商廈、工廠車間、集貿(mào)市場、工礦企業(yè)、國家重點(diǎn)消防單位、智能大廈與小區(qū)，地鐵、石油化工、電信及國防等部門用電的安全保護(hù)。

AcrelElectric's ASJ series residual current relay can meet the protection of the above-mentioned leakage conditions, and it can be used in conjunction with a remote trip switch to cut off the power supply in time to prevent indirect contact and limit the leakage current. It can also be directly used as a signal relay to monitor power equipment. It is especially suitable for the safety protection of electricity consumption in schools, commercial buildings, factory workshops, bazaars, industrial and mining enterprises, national key fire protection units, smart buildings and communities, subways, petrochemicals, telecommunications and national defense departments.

ASJ系列產(chǎn)品主要有兩種安裝方式，ASJ10系列為導(dǎo)軌安裝，外形和功能如下表所示：

ASJ series products mainly have two installation methods. ASJ10 series are rail-mounted installations. The appearance and functions are shown in the following table:

ASJ20系列為面板安裝，外形和功能如下表所示：

ASJ20 series are panel mounted, the appearance and functions are shown in the following table:

其中AC型和A型剩余電流繼電器的區(qū)別是：AC型剩余電流繼電器是對(duì)突然施加或緩慢上升的剩余正弦交流電流能確保脫扣的剩余電流繼電器，主要監(jiān)測正弦交流信號(hào)。A型剩余電流繼電器是對(duì)突然施加的或緩慢上升的剩余正弦交流電流和剩余脈動(dòng)直流電流能確保脫扣的剩余電流繼電器，主要監(jiān)測正弦交流信號(hào)和脈沖直流信號(hào)。

The difference between AC type and A type residual current relay is: AC type residual current relay is a residual current relay that can ensure the tripping of residual sinusoidal alternating current that is suddenly applied or slowly rising. It mainly monitors sinusoidal alternating current signals. Type A residual current relay is a residual current relay that can ensure the tripping of residual sinusoidal alternating current and residual pulsating direct current that is applied suddenly or slowly, and mainly monitors sinusoidal alternating current signals and pulsed direct current signals.

儀表具體的接線端子和典型接線如下所示：

The specific wiring terminals and typical wiring of the instrument are as follows:

05

結(jié)語

保護(hù)漏電的裝置在對(duì)人體無意識(shí)地接觸通電設(shè)備導(dǎo)致觸電的體況下預(yù)防，能夠有效地減少造成的傷害，對(duì)于因?yàn)殡娀⌒缘慕拥厍闆r而導(dǎo)致的電氣方面的火災(zāi)有很好的預(yù)防效果。ASJ系列剩余電流繼電器產(chǎn)品能夠監(jiān)測線路中的漏電流，當(dāng)漏電流達(dá)到或者超過設(shè)定值時(shí)，內(nèi)部繼電器動(dòng)作，發(fā)出告警，并能與斷路器開關(guān)聯(lián)動(dòng)，快速切斷線路，保證線路安全。

The leakage protection device can prevent the human body from unconsciously contacting the energized equipment and causing electric shock, which can effectively reduce the damage caused, and has a good preventive effect on electrical fires caused by arc grounding. ASJ series residual current relay products can monitor the leakage current in the line. When the leakage current reaches or exceeds the set value, the internal relay will act to issue an alarm, and can be linked with the circuit breaker switch to quickly cut off the line to ensure line safety.