近十年來,固體結(jié)合肽(SBP)具有生物相容性,可有效工程化以識(shí)別和圖案化多種界面,因而備受關(guān)注。其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域包括納米材料合成、生物分子錨定、醫(yī)療植入物研制、疫苗穩(wěn)定、傳感和化學(xué)催化。識(shí)別和定制SBP序列的常用技術(shù)是通過噬菌體展示庫的組合方法,測試各種隨機(jī)氨基酸序列組成,依據(jù)序列對目標(biāo)材料的親和力而將候選序列范圍縮小至很少的幾個(gè)。其他設(shè)計(jì)方法包括模擬某種礦物(如羥基磷灰石和二氧化硅)對某種天然蛋白質(zhì)所具有的特定親和力,或利用高通量計(jì)算篩選工具(如Rosetta)來指導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)的合成和多肽的設(shè)計(jì)。大多數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)方法的成功,其實(shí)取決于對氨基酸與目標(biāo)材料之間相互作用的機(jī)理的認(rèn)識(shí)。而有效利用SBP的主要挑戰(zhàn)就在于,利用多肽序列及其在不同長度時(shí)所表現(xiàn)出的功能間關(guān)系。
美國華盛頓大學(xué)化學(xué)工程系的Jim Pfaendtner教授等,通過分析三個(gè)封端氨基酸,即精氨酸(堿性氨基酸,5個(gè)C原子,帶正電荷)、賴氨酸(堿性氨基酸,6個(gè)C原子,帶正電荷)和天冬氨酸(酸性氨基酸,4個(gè)C原子,帶負(fù)電荷),在四種二氧化鈦界面上的結(jié)合,闡明了該結(jié)合與TiO2表面羥基、氨基酸電荷和肽結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系。他們用分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬TiO2與肽的結(jié)合,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)水在表面解離時(shí)會(huì)促進(jìn)羥基產(chǎn)生,促進(jìn)肽與之結(jié)合,表明有利的溶液條件可促進(jìn)生物分子的吸附。當(dāng)肽在表面取平坦構(gòu)型時(shí),肽與TiO2表面的接觸更多,結(jié)合力更強(qiáng),反之,則肽只在TiO2表面延伸而較少接觸。因此,可用潛在的工程學(xué)方法對肽作定點(diǎn)突變,以使其構(gòu)象變平坦,來改造肽與TiO2的結(jié)合特異性。這項(xiàng)研究可以激發(fā)特定蛋白質(zhì)的合理設(shè)計(jì),以使這些蛋白質(zhì)可以識(shí)別TiO2的表面,從而增加醫(yī)學(xué)植入物的生物相容性。實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的的方法之一是在肽的特定位點(diǎn)引入TiO2通用結(jié)合劑精氨酸基團(tuán)。方法之二是提高TiO2表面的羥基分布。
Molecular recognition and specificity of biomolecules to titanium dioxide from molecular dynamics simulations
Janani Sampath, Andrew Kullman, Rachel Gebhart, Gary Drobny & Jim Pfaendtner
Titania (TiO2) is used extensively in biomedical applications; efforts to boost the biocompatibility of TiO2 include coating it with the titania binding hexamer, RKLPDA. To understand the binding mechanism of this peptide, we employ molecular dynamics simulations enhanced by metadynamics to study three amino acids present in the peptide—arginine (R), lysine (K), and aspartate (D), on four TiO2 variants that have different degrees of surface hydroxyl groups. We find that binding is a function of both sidechain charge and structure, with R binding to all four surfaces, whereas the affinity of K and D is dependent on the distribution of hydroxyl groups. Informed by this, we study the binding of the titania binding hexamer and dodecamer (RKLPDAPGMHTW) on two of the four surfaces, and we see strong correlations between the binding free energy and the primary binding residues, in agreement with prior experiments and simulations. We propose that the discrepancies observed in prior work stem from distribution of surface hydroxyl groups that may be difficult to precisely control on the TiO2 interface.
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